|
Brunei English is a regional dialect of English that is widely spoken in Brunei Darussalam, even though the national language is Malay. Although the lingua franca in the country is generally the local dialect of Malay, all educated people are proficient in English, as it has been the medium of instruction from the fourth year of primary school for nearly thirty years. There are various features that make Brunei English distinct: for pronunciation, the sound at the start of a word such as ''three'' is often () rather than (), and there is usually a full vowel rather than () in function words such as ''as'' and ''of''; for grammar, ''furnitures'' and ''jewelleries'' are treated as plural nouns, and there is variable use of the third-person -s suffix on present tense verbs; and for lexis, many words are borrowed from Malay to reflect local customs, including ''titah'' (a speech by the Sultan) and ''tudung'' (a head scarf). Some of these features are shared with other varieties of English in the region, especially those of Singapore and Malaysia; but others make Brunei English a distinct variety. == History and Education == Brunei was a British Protectorate from 1888 until 1984.〔Saunders, G. (1994). ''A History of Brunei.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕〔Hussainmiya, B. A. (1995). ''Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III: The Making of Brunei Darusslam''. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.〕 Not surprisingly, English became widely used, even though Brunei Malay (a dialect of Malay that is substantially different from Standard Malay〔Clynes, A., & Deterding, D. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', ''41'', 259–268. (On-line Version )〕) continues to be the main language that is spoken.〔Martin, P. W., & Poedjoesoedarmo, G. (1996). An overview of the language situation in Brunei Darussalam. In P. W. Martin, A. C. K. Ozog & G. Poedjoesoedarmo (eds.), ''Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam'' (pp. 1–23). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies.〕 In 1985, the Bilingual Education Policy was implemented, with Malay as the medium of instruction for the first three years of primary school, and then English becoming the medium of instruction for most subjects from the fourth year of primary school on.〔Jones, G. (1996). The Brunei education policy in Brunei Darussalam. In P. W. Martin, A. C. K. Ozog & G. Poedjoesoedarmo (eds.), ''Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam'' (pp. 123–132). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies.〕 In 1993, history switched from being English medium to being Malay medium.〔Gunn, G. C. (1997). ''Language, Power, & Ideology in Brunei Darussalam''. Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies. page 155.〕 In January 2009, a new education policy was implemented. It is termed SPN21 (''Sistem Pendidikan Negara – Abad 21'', 'National Education System for the 21st Century'). In this new system, Mathematics and Science are taught in English from the start of primary school.〔Jones, G. M. (2012). Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam. In E. L. Low & Azirah Hashim (Eds.), ''English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use'' (pp. 175–187). Amseterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.〕 Only time will tell what effect this new SPN21 education policy will have on the status of English in Brunei.〔Deterding, D., & Salbrina S. (2013). ''Brunei English: A New Variety in a Multilingual Society''. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 17.〕 Clearly, English is well established in Brunei, though it does not seem to be challenging the position of Malay. Rather more threatened are the minority languages such as Dusun, Tutong and Murut (Lun Bawang), which seem to be getting squeezed out by the two dominant languages,〔Noor Azam (2012). It's not always English: "Duelling Aunties" in Brunei Darussalam. In V. Rapatahana & P. Bunce (eds.), ''English Language as Hydra''. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.〕 though recent research in Temburong District suggests that Murut is surviving better than the other two.〔Coluzzi, P. (2010). Endangered languages in Borneo: a survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei. ''Oceanic Linguistics, 49''(1), 119–143.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Brunei English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|